Movie Review Coraline - 1511 Words

The movie, Coraline is an animated film that takes you to another universe in your mind. Adventure and suspense are major aspects of this movie. Though the targeted audience of the movie is geared towards young adults, it is also child friendly. The genre of the movie is fantasy/thriller; movies categorized by this genre are usually seasonal thrillers. Most people choose to watch these types of movies during the autumn or Halloween season. Other movies in this genre include Monster House and The Nightmare Before Christmas. In the film Coraline the setting, theme, mood, and atmosphere that is portrayed makes this film very intriguing. As the film, Coraline is directed towards young adults, this specific audience will often find this movie very fascinating. Though the targeted audience if for teens, this movie is appropriate for any viewer that is age nine or older. However, younger children may not understand the entire concept of the movie. Anyone under that age may need parental advisory when watching this movie, as this movie may scare, or be very disturbing for younger viewers. Coraline tells a story that the audience may be able to relate to in real life. Mentally, the film is brought to life. The idea of a parallel universe depicted in the setting of the story, the lessons portrayed in the theme of the film, and the atmosphere causes the viewer to relate the fantasy to reality. Notably, one major aspect of the film is the setting. Bringing to life an eerie feeling,Show MoreRelatedThe Falafel Of Imminent Philosophical Wisdom2538 Words   |  11 PagesGaiman: one of the most renowned authors ofmany novels, comic books, graphic novels, audio theatre and filmsin modern British history and winner of multiple Eisner, Hugo, Newberry, and Nebula awards. Well known in American culture for works such as Coraline, The Graveyard book,American Gods,Good Omens, and The Sandman, Gaiman is a treasure to all of humankind.â€Å"He’s 5†² 10†³ tall, owns a number of black T-shirts, and although he’s not overly keen on banana daiquiris, is always very flattered when appreciativeRead MoreTheater Review : The Arabian Nights1262 Words   |  6 PagesTheater Review: The Arabian Nights On Sunday, March 19, 2016, I had the pleasure of attending Cal State University San Bernardino’s The Arabian Nights musical theater production written by Mary Zimmerman and adapted from the classical story of â€Å"The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night†. Run time was a total of 2 hours and 35 minutes, with special ticket pricing for students was 6 dollars, general being 15 dollars and special 12 dollars. As the book suggests the original story consists of 1001

Physical Education in High School

References Question: Describe about the physical education should be mandatory till grade 12 in high school? Answer: Physical education must be introduced in high school till grade 12 The physical education is that branch of study, practice and the appreciation of the art and science of human that includes fitness, skills, exercise, recreation, dance, health, games and sport and other activities. These activities on skill development must be incorporated through a proper physical education programme which ensures that the students gain success in sports and other leisure activities which are common to the society. The physical education plays an important role in developing young people. It completes the overall education of children and establishes a connection between the skill acquisition and learning experience. Therefore the importance of the physical education in the curriculum of schools including high schools till grade 12 is identified by most educational societies. Sports education is also included in the physical education which states that sport activities, outdoor gaming adventures, gymnastics and other recreational activities must be performed by exp erienced physical educators. This benefits the children to achieve physical fitness and also inculcate personal as well as social skills (Ciccomascolo and Sullivan, 2013). The physical education puts forward several health benefits for the children of all age groups from leaner bodies and lower blood pressure. It improves mental health and cognitive functioning. Based on the reports formulated that there is a constant need to include physical education in schools which will improve strength and endurance, healthier bones and muscles, control obesity, anxiety reduction and increase the self esteem of the children. It often helps to improve the blood pressures and cholesterol levels. There is substantial evidence that the physical activity helps to prevent disease and promotes healthy lifestyle. In order to mandate the physical education in high school certain procedures are formulated by the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE). (NASPE), 2015) These are: Opportunity to learn- there must be instructional periods in every school with duration of 150 minutes per week at elementary level and 225 minutes per week at high school. The appropriate physical education programme must be provided to children by experience and quality physical educator. For the implementation of the physical education there must be adequate availability of equipments and facilities. Meaningful Content- the physical educator must provide quality fitness education and assessment and build variety of motor skills so that the students can improve their physical, metal and social perspective. The physical education programme must develop cognitive skill and improve their social and cooperative skills. A quality physical education means that appropriate physical activities must be performed regularly and throughout the life. Appropriate instruction- the quality physical education can be rendered by ensuring that the lessons are well designed so that the learning process of the children is smooth. All students must be included in the physical education ensuring maximum practice session for class activities. There must also be some outdoor activities that will enhance the learning process of the students. It must also be taken into account that students are not punished through physical activities. The scientific evidence reveals that the role of the physical activity in the overall health and well-being has been cited extensively. There is basically no doubt in the fact that the physical education forms the crucial part of the childrens health and fitness. Physical education includes physical activities that are derived from the daily aspects of life and so it becomes the most important contribution to the healthy habits of the children. (France, 2009) Let us focus on relevant facts and statistics related to the physical activity, obesity and the cost of reducing obesity. Survey based on the physical activities around the world reveals that only one in every three children are considered to be physically active. About 28% of Americans or 80.2 million people belonging to the age group six to older are physically not active. A research in 2013 found out that only 6 states Illinois, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New York and Vermont must have physical education in the curriculum of the high school or in every grade from K-12. According to the data on obesity around 12.5 million children and adolescent are fat and obese because their dietary intake is abnormal and unhealthy. The latest report indicated that by 2030 almost half of the adults will become obese in the US. Based on the above information, it must be ensured that the physical education must be made mandatory in high school. Below are several reasons that help the school authorities to adhere to implement physical education in their curriculum. (Le Masurier and Corbin, 2006) They are: The major reason that every individual must consider in order to realize the importance of physical education is that it helps to prevent disease. According to the Surgeon General, the secondary living of the children and adults give rise to chronic diseases like heart disease, high blood pressure, incidence of strokes, problems of diabetes and problem of obesity (Finkelstein et al., 2009) in children pose as a risk. Regular physical activities can help and enhance immune system and relieve some of the diseases. The second reason is that the sometimes the inactiveness of the children may cause them to be depressed or engage in mood swing. (Coe, 2003) Regular physical activity can help to reduce these problems. The next reason includes development and growth of brain. Before the age of 10 years, children must inculcate motor skills and pathways so that the prioritization of brain is allowed after this age. Physical education in schools will help to reinforce and strengthen sensory and motor skills in children. Research show that the higher the children and youths are inactive, the higher there chances to become inactive in adults. So physical education help children to be academically productive, gain self esteem and help to reduce the obesity in children. It was found out that there was a three-fold increase in the obesity conditions in children over the years. Obesity causes the children to be prone to diseases and decrease in energy. Physical activities can reverse the condition and improv e the health status of the children. (Simone, Kaphingst and French, 2006) Another reason for implementing physical education in high schools is that it teaches the student to develop certain real life skills like self management skill, also develop skills related to self assessments, setting goals and engage in proper decision making. In the absence of physical education, children might indulge in laziness and be inactive. Thus, it is necessary to develop healthy exercise habits and in this regard physical education must be mandatory.(Peaceful Playgrounds, 2012) A survey conducted by a school authority regarding the mandatory physical education in high school reveals that some of the parents were counter reactive on the physical education implemented in schools. They are of the view that physical education causes liability risks as the fitness training, sports and game also has the potential to cause physical injury of the children who do not have athletic ability. The next argument that they put forward is the students who have heavy academic loads and classes that consume time get distracted due to physical education and also they tend to lose energy from Physical education resulting in lack of concentration on studies. The study reveals that physical education is most essential in the curriculum of high school. But there are several limitations that do not allow the school authorities to introduce physical education in school. One such reason is lack of resources and time which implies that the school budgets pose a constraint to implement physical education. Some school authorities believe that academic tests are more important in the career building of the children which is the reason why the time is reduced for the physical education class. (Silva et al., 2014) Many schools suffer from insufficient space for physical activities and incapable to introduce equipment and facilities. But in some cases cutting off physical education from schools can prove to be more costly. But there should be health goals in high schools to promote physical education in the curriculum. Thus, it is mandatory to introduce physical education in high school. (Sattelmair and Ratey, 2015) References (NASPE), N. (2015).Physical Education Is Critical to Educating the Whole Child. 1st ed. [ebook] (NASPE). Available at: https://www.shapeamerica.org/advocacy/positionstatements/pe/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfilepageid=4650 [Accessed 24 Mar. 2015]. Ciccomascolo, L. and Sullivan, E. (2013).The dimensions of physical education. Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Coe, D. (2003).The importance of physical education classes in relation to physical activity behaviors, physical fitness, and academic achievement in middle school children. Finkelstein, E., Trogdon, J., Cohen, J. and Dietz, W. (2009). Annual Medical Spending Attributable To Obesity: Payer-And Service-Specific Estimates.Health Affairs, 28(5), pp.w822-w831. France, R. (2009).Introduction to physical education and sport science. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning. Le Masurier, G. and Corbin, C. (2006). Top 10 Reasons for Quality Physical Education.Journal of Physical Education, Recreation Dance, 77(6), pp.44-53. Peaceful Playgrounds, (2012).The Benefits of Physical Activity in Schools. [online] Available at: https://www.peacefulplaygrounds.com/benefits-of-physical-activity-in-school/ [Accessed 24 Mar. 2015]. Sattelmair, J. and Ratey, J. (2015). Physically Active Play and Cognition An Academic Matter?. [online] Available at: https://www.journalofplay.org/sites/www.journalofplay.org/files/pdf-articles/1-3-article-physically-active-play-and-cognition.pdf. Silva, P., Sousa, M., Sa, C., Ribeiro, J. and Mota, J. (2014). Physical activity in high school during 'free-time' periods.European Physical Education Review. Simone, M., Kaphingst, K. and French, S. (2006). The Role of Schools in Obesity Prevention.Princeton, [online] 16(1). Available at: https://www.princeton.edu/futureofchildren/publications/journals/article/index.xml?journalid=36articleid=98sectionid=609 [Accessed 24 Mar. 2015].

Air Polution Essays - Smog, Air Pollution, Pollutants,

Air Polution AIR POLLUTION Some causes of air pollution are Smog, Acid Rain and Nuclear Problems. Smog is a word that discribes a mixture of smoke and fog. In some places you are advised to stay indoors when smog is bad. One of these places is Mexico City in Mexico. It has some the worst air pollution in the world. If you were to fly over Mexico City, you would be able to see the smog hanging over the city. As you were landing you would be able to smell and see the smog in side the airplane.Common air pollution is carbon monoxide which is found in most city streets.Carbon monoxide is mostly from cars and is highly poisonous. The combustion of coal, oil, and gasoline accounts for much of the airborne pollutants. More than 80 percent of the sulfur dioxide, 50 percent of the nitrogen oxides, and 30 to 40 percent of the particulate matter emitted to the atmosphere in the U.S. are produced by fossil-fuel-fired electric power plants, industrial boilers, and residential furnaces. Eighty percent of the carbon monoxide and 40 percent of the nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons come from burning gasoline and diesel fuels in cars and trucks. Other major pollution sources include iron and steel mills; zinc, lead, and copper smelters; municipal incinerators; petroleum refineries; cement plants; and nitric and sulfuric acid plants. Potential pollutants may exist in the materials entering a chemical or combustion process (such as lead in gasoline), or they may be produced as a result of the process itself. Carbon monoxide, for example, is a typical product of internal-combustion engines. water pollution? There are many causes for water pollution but two general categories exist: direct and indirect contaminant sources. Direct sources include effluent outfalls from factories, refineries, waste treatment plants etc.. that emit fluids of varying quality directly into urban water supplies. In the United States and other countries, these practices are regulated, although this doesn't mean that pollutants can't be found in these waters. Indirect sources include contaminants that enter the water supply from soils/groundwater systems and from the atmosphere via rain water. Soils and groundwaters contain the residue of human agricultural practices (fertilizers, pesticides, etc..) and improperly disposed of industrial wastes. Atmospheric contaminants are also derived from human practices (such as gaseous emissions from automobiles, factories and even bakeries) Science Essays

The Civil War Was Not So Civil

The Civil War Was Not So Civil Free Online Research Papers The Northern and Southern states had been in conflict long since before the Constitution was signed in 1789. A number of formal compromises had eased the tension but it began to flare up again in the early 1800s. The American Civil War was a combination of four decades of intense social conflict and reflected economic, social and political differences between the Northern and the Southern states. Through the four years of bitter conflict and sacrifice, America would emerge a stronger and unified nation. This first main issue that the war was fought over was the industrial differences between the North and the South. In 1793, Eli Whitney, invented the cotton gin. At this time cotton became very profitable as a source of trade and the cotton gin revolutionized how cotton was harvested. â€Å"This machine was able to reduce the time it took to separate seeds from the cotton† (Kelly). At the same time that the cotton gin was created, there was an increase in the number of plantations willing to move from other crops to cotton. This meant that there was a greater need for large amounts of cheap labor. Because of this the Southerner economy became a one crop economy who depended on cotton and therefore on slavery. â€Å"Utilizing slave labor, cotton planters and farmers could cut costs† (Kelly). The South produced cotton to sell to other regions and for export to England. In exchange, Southerner farmers and planters purchased manufactured goods from the North. They also bou ght food items from the West and imported luxuries from Europe (Kelly). The growth of the Southern cotton industry served as big boost for the entire nations economy in the antebellum years. The Northern economy was based more on industry than agriculture. â€Å"The North had five times the number of factories as the South, and over ten times the number of factory workers. In addition, 90% of the nations skilled workers were in the North†(Economics of the Civil War). The labor forces in the North and South were primarily different as well. In the North, labor was expensive, and workers were very mobile and active. The Northern industries began purchasing raw cotton and turning it into finished goods. Another economic issue that divided the North from the South was based on tariffs. Tariffs are taxes placed on imported goods. â€Å"Throughout the antebellum period, whenever the federal government wanted to raise tariffs, the South generally opposed it and the North generally supported it. Southerners generally favored low tariffs because they kept the cost of imported goods low† (Economics of the civil War). This was important because the South was an import economy. Southern planters and farmers were concerned that high tariffs might make their European trading partners raise prices on manufactured goods. In the North, high tariffs were viewed favorably because the tariffs would make imported goods more expensive (Economics of the Civil War). Because of this, goods produced in the North would seem relatively cheap, and Americans would want to buy American goods instead of European goods. Many politicians at the time were in favor of the high tariffs because they protected the industry form foreign competition (King). Americans in the West were also divided on the issue. In the Southwest, where cotton was a primary commodity, people generally promoted low tariffs. In the Northwest, people supported high tariffs because of other resources (Economics of the Civil War). State verses federal rights were another big reason that the North was fighting against the South. During the time of the American Revolution two sides developed. There were those arguing for greater states rights and those arguing that the federal government should have more control. The Confederate States of America fought to preserve Constitutional Limited Federal Government as established by America’s founding fathers that were primarily Southern Gentlemen from Virginia. Thus Confederate soldiers were fighting for rights that had been paid for in blood by their forefathers upon the battlefields of the American Revolution (King).After the American Revolution, the first organized government was under the Articles of Confederation. The original thirteen states formed a loose confederation and a very weak federal government (Kelly). Because of this many problems began to develop. â€Å"This weak government caused the leaders of the time to come together at the Constitutional Convention and create, in secret, the US Constitution† (Kelly). Many people felt that the new constitution ignored the rights of states. They felt that it did not let them continue to act independently as they once did. States felt that they should still have the right to decide if they wanted to accept certain federal acts. (Kelly) As a result the process of nullification resulted. Nullification is a constitutional theory that gives an individual state the right to declare â€Å"null and void† any law passed by the United States Congress that the state deems unacceptable and unconstitutional. The federal government would later deny states this right however. John C. Calhoun, vise president in the Jackson administration, promoted nullification as a moderate alternative to secession (Harlow). When nullification would not work and states felt that they were no longer respected, they moved towards secession (Kelly). Indirectly slavery was a cause of the war. Many Southerners during this time did not own slaves. This is why they did not fight for the protection of slavery at the time. They did however believe that the North had no Constitutional right to free slaves held by citizens of the Sovereign Southern States. In the South as in the North, prior to the war, there were five times as many abolition societies (King). Nearly all of the southerners at the time were fighting for emancipation from the slaves. â€Å"During the Mexican War, conflict started about what would happen with the new territories that the US expected to gain upon victory† (King). In 1846, David Wilmot proposed the Wilmot Proviso. The Wilmot Provision would ban slavery in the new lands. The Wilmot Proviso justified many Southern’ fears that the North was against slavery. Many people worried that if politicians in the North prevented slavery from expanding westward, they feared they would be attacking in the S outh as well (The Civil War 1850-1865). Because of this, Southerners in both parties rejected the proviso after much debate. The great support was unprecedented and demonstrated just how serious the South really felt about the issue (The Civil War 1850-1865) At the end of the Mexican War, many new lands west of Texas were yielded to the United States including the lands gained from the Louisiana Purchase (The Civil War 1850-1856). The problem now was whether or not the new states admitted to the union would be slave or free (King). The Missouri compromise was passed in 1820. The compromise prohibited slavery in states from the former Louisiana Purchase, except in Missouri. Henry Clay created the compromise to deal with the balance between slave and free states (Kelly). The last issue that further increased tensions was the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. â€Å"It created two new territories that would allow the states to use popular sovereignty to determine whether they would be free or slave† (Kelly). The Act opened a vast area in the nations heartland to the possible spread of slavery by repealing the Missouri compromise and providing that settlers would determine the status of slavery in these territories (Foner). The real issue occurred in Kansas where proslavery Missourians began to pour into the state to help force it to be slave. They were called â€Å"Border Ruffians.† Problems came to a head in violence at Lawrence Kansas. The fighting that occurred caused it to be called â€Å"Bleeding Kansas.† â€Å"The fight even erupted on the floor of the senate when antislavery proponent Charles Sumner was beat over the head by South Carolina’s Senator Preston Brooks† (Kelly). The Civil was one that resulted over a necessary combination of many factors. Their combatant had many separate views and believes that ultimately let them to war. The war was one that changed not only the country for the better but also changed the views of my individuals. Slavery, a key issue of the war was never looked at the same again after it. Harlow, Jennifer. â€Å"Nullification† The web chronology projects October 15, 1997 http://thenagain.info/WebChron/Glossary/Nullif.html King, James. â€Å"The 10 Causes of the War Between the States† The Confederacy Projects May 30, 2007 http://members.cox.net/polincorr1/conpro11.htm â€Å"The Civil War 1850-1865† Sparknotes History Study Guides 2007 sparknotes.com/history/american/civilwar/section1.html Kelly, Martin. â€Å"Top Five Causes of the Civil War† About.com History on the Web 2007 http://americanhistory.about.com/od/civilwarmenu/a/cause_civil_war.htm Foner, Eric. â€Å"Give Me Liberty, An American History† W.W. Norton Company, Inc. Copyright 2005. 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Specific Learning difficulties and disabilities that restrict language Essay

Specific Learning difficulties and disabilities that restrict language acquisition - Essay Example xia, determine identification processes and to explore effective language theories that help learners with dyslexia and dyspraxia achieve at a higher degree in literacy and language acquisition. The underlying rationale is to avoid inappropriate referrals to special education services or inappropriate non-referrals. Since my work involves identification of learning disabilities, assessments and referrals, this research is very important for how I can improve my success rate and help teachers formulate appropriate teaching strategies. This is important for all learners, particularly learners with learning disabilities. An inappropriate program can be a significant barrier to learning and will only exacerbate the learning disabilities manifested by dyslexia and dyspraxia. Students who have these learning conditions and are either overlooked or erroneously placed or are in programmes that are inappropriate for them can develop feelings of isolation, low self-confidence, low self-esteem and can develop/increase their feelings of isolation, low self-confidence, low self-esteem and might foster negative attitudes toward the school school organization with the results that barrier s to learning become even more complicated (Ball, Chapter 4). This research is particularly important for my position in the Skills for Life department because my organization has a SLDD curriculum but it does not include dyslexia. Moreover, students manifesting signs of dyslexia or dyspraxia are typically sent to the Skills for Life department for resolution. Making matters worse the Skills for Life department does not have a dyslexia specialist rendering the treatment of dyslexic students entirely inadequate. This research will help me to identify areas where SLDD can respond more adequately to students with dyspraxia difficulties and will draw their attention to these difficulties and I can provide strategies for helping dyslexic students. These strategies will include curriculum

Company Promoter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Company Promoter - Essay Example 1) On 15th August, Bill signed a letter that stated, "For and on behalf of Cornhill Ltd, as agent only, Bill". He agreed to purchase computer equipment costing 30,000 pounds together with a servicing agreement for five years costing 120 pounds per month. Logitech was charging an exorbitant rate for the servicing agreement; hence they wished to terminate the contract. Owing to Salomon3 principle, a company is a separate legal entity different from its members and it can therefore sue and be sued in its own name. According to Salomon principle, Cornhill Ltd can claim can claim for wrong done against it. But here the company was not registered. A company does not come into existence until the promoter has completed the registration Requirements and the Registrar of the Companies issues a certificate of incorporation Prior to this time a company cannot bind by contracts entered into in its name or on its behalf. In practice, however, promoters will need to contract with the third parties for such things as a lease of premises, business equipments and connection to utilities so that once the certificate of incorporation is issued the company can begin trading4. The problem that arises in the relation to incorporation contracts is whether Bills can avoid being personally l... 9(2) of the European Communities Act 1972, now found in s.36C of the CA 1985. If somebody does not exist they cannot contract [Rover International Ltd v Cannon Film Sales Ltd (No 3)]5. So if this principle applied Cornhill Ltd can deny to follow the contract with Logitech because impose high price. Further, since at the time of a pre incorporation contracts the company does not exist, upon its subsequent creation it is necessarily a stranger to it and the doctrine of privity will operate to prevent rights and the liabilities being conferred to imposed on the company. The Contracts (Rights of third Parties) Act 1999, which allows enforcement of contracts by third parties if the contract expressly so provides or a term of the contract confers a benefit on the third party, does not apply to pre incorporation contracts. The Act is based on the recommendations of the Law Commission on its report, Privity of Contract: Contracts for the benefit of the Third Parties (Law Commission report No. 242, Cm 3329 (London, HMSO (1996)). Addressing the issue of pre incorporatio n contracts, the Law Commission drew the distinction between a contract on behalf of the third party and a contract for the benefit of a third party. The Law Commission stated that the former category involves the third party company becoming a party to the contract, and subject to all its rights and obligations, after its incorporation. In Kelner v Baxter6 promoters of a hotel company entered into a contract on its behalf for the purchase of wine the company, when incorporated, ratified. The wine was consumed but before payment was made the company went to liquidation.7 The promoters, as agents, were sued on the

Human mortality rate and the resilience of women in the abortion case study Essay Example for Free

Human mortality rate and the resilience of women in the abortion case study Essay In 2014, the abortion rate in the United States was 14.6 abortions per 1,000 women. It is the lowest abortion rate recorded since Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court ruling that legalized abortion in the United States in 1973. One of the fears of the decision was that it would lead to an increase in abortions and the termination of pregnancies could have a detrimental effect on the women receiving the abortions. While the increase in legal abortion access did see a rise in abortions, a study published in JAMA Psychiatry found that legal abortions did not cause a significant increase in mental health issues among women that have experienced abortions. With a long history of trauma and disease that caused premature deaths at extraordinary rates, humans have evolved to overcome trauma. Humans are inherently resilient, largely due to the high amount of traumatic experiences our ancestors experienced and the genes dedicated to survival that were passed generation after generation. It is not an unreasonable to believe that abortions could have a severe impact on women’s mental health. Terminating a pregnancy and losing an unborn child has high potential of being a traumatic experience that could potentially have long-standing mental health effects. A study published in JAMA Psychiatry, followed 1,000 women who sought out consultation on potentially getting an abortion. The study followed these women for five years after they received or were denied an abortion. The researchers found that those who received abortions were no more likely than those that were denied abortions to have experienced anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, or feelings of life dissatisfaction. Only those that were denied abortions due to being too far along in their pregnancies experienced negative mental health problems, but the study noted that after six months, the negative mental health effects returned to the range observed in other groups in the study. The study shows that humans are extremely resilient and that we often overcome even the most difficult events that can occur in our lives. Modern life is far more safer and less fraught with trauma that our past, where mortality rates across the board were much higher. In evolutionary terms, it makes sense that we are as resilient as we are, considering we would not exist otherwise. For obvious reasons, there are no concrete statistics on mortality rates from our ancient past, but it is believed to be extraordinarily high compared to today, where the worldwide average life expectancy is 71 years. The infant mortality rate in particular is believed to have been very high in prehistoric times. Even in recent times before the advent of standard hygienic norms in hospitals, infant mortality rates were much higher they are today. Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis observed in 1846 that the neonatal mortality rate was five times lower when women   gave birth at a midwives’ clini c, compared to births that took place in hospitals by male doctors. He figured out that the doctors were performing autopsies in the hospitals and the midwives were not. Semmelweis hypothesized that harmful microbes were being transferred from the autopsy bodies to the women giving birth. When Semmelweis advised the doctors to sterilized their hands and tools before delivering babies, the neonatal mortality rate dropped dramatically. Today, it is very rare for a baby to be lost during childbirth, but even within he past century, neonatal deaths would not have been all that uncommon. Modern medicine has drastically cut down on mortality rates for various diseases and medical conditions. It is estimated that approximately 300 million have died due to smallpox. English physician Edward Jenner is credited with the discovery of the smallpox vaccine, which has been successfully deployed worldwide. As a result, smallpox is the only infectious disease that has been fully eradicated globally, with the last World Health Organization declaring it officially eradicated in 1979. Before this time, it wouldn’t of been uncommon to have known members of your own family who had died from smallpox. Other deadly diseases like polio and measles have also been eradicated in the developed world due to vaccines. Infectious diseases caused by bacteria have been largely controlled by the invention of antibiotics. Before Alexander Fleming isolated a mold called Penicillium notatum to be used as the world’s first antibiotic, it wouldn’t have been uncommon for people to die due to an infected cut. The Oxford Constable, Albert Alexander cut his face while gardening and an infection caused by staphylococci and streptococci spread to his scalp and eyes. He was treated with pencillin for five days, but eventually doctors ran out of penicillin and Alexander succumbed to the infection. The world offers many dangers to our mortality and humans have faced these dangers for hundreds of thousands of years. Trauma and disease are in a constant battle with our mortality and only those that could overcome adversity would pass their genes to the next generation. In that evolutionary context, it is not surprising that we often overcome even the darkest of traumas. It will be interesting to see where the evolutionary direction that resiliency will go in our modern world where we are far less likely to face the same dangers that our ancestors faced on a daily basis.